深度学习模型正在应用于越来越多的成功案例中，但是他们在现实世界中的表现如何？为了测试模型，组装了特定的清洁数据集。但是，当部署在现实世界中时，该模型将面临意外的分布（OOD）数据。在这项工作中，我们表明所谓的“放射科医生级” Chexnet模型未能识别所有OOD图像，并将其归类为肺部疾病。为了解决这个问题，我们提出了分发投票，这是一种对多标签分类的分布图像进行分类的新方法。使用在ID和OOD数据上训练的独立课程分布（ID）预测指标，我们平均达到99％的ID分类特异性和98％的敏感性，与胸部上以前的作品相比，端到端的性能显着提高X射线14个数据集。即使仅用ImageNet作为OOD数据训练并使用X射线OOD图像进行测试，我们的方法即使仅用Imagenet进行训练，也超过了其他基于输出的OOD检测器。

The release of ChatGPT, a language model capable of generating text that appears human-like and authentic, has gained significant attention beyond the research community. We expect that the convincing performance of ChatGPT incentivizes users to apply it to a variety of downstream tasks, including prompting the model to simplify their own medical reports. To investigate this phenomenon, we conducted an exploratory case study. In a questionnaire, we asked 15 radiologists to assess the quality of radiology reports simplified by ChatGPT. Most radiologists agreed that the simplified reports were factually correct, complete, and not potentially harmful to the patient. Nevertheless, instances of incorrect statements, missed key medical findings, and potentially harmful passages were reported. While further studies are needed, the initial insights of this study indicate a great potential in using large language models like ChatGPT to improve patient-centered care in radiology and other medical domains.

Although Reinforcement Learning (RL) has shown impressive results in games and simulation, real-world application of RL suffers from its instability under changing environment conditions and hyperparameters. We give a first impression of the extent of this instability by showing that the hyperparameters found by automatic hyperparameter optimization (HPO) methods are not only dependent on the problem at hand, but even on how well the state describes the environment dynamics. Specifically, we show that agents in contextual RL require different hyperparameters if they are shown how environmental factors change. In addition, finding adequate hyperparameter configurations is not equally easy for both settings, further highlighting the need for research into how hyperparameters influence learning and generalization in RL.

Human speech can be characterized by different components, including semantic content, speaker identity and prosodic information. Significant progress has been made in disentangling representations for semantic content and speaker identity in Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) and speaker verification tasks respectively. However, it is still an open challenging research question to extract prosodic information because of the intrinsic association of different attributes, such as timbre and rhythm, and because of the need for unsupervised training schemes to achieve robust large-scale and speaker-independent ASR. The aim of this paper is to address the disentanglement of emotional prosody from speech based on unsupervised reconstruction. Specifically, we identify, design, implement and integrate three crucial components in our proposed speech reconstruction model Prosody2Vec: (1) a unit encoder that transforms speech signals into discrete units for semantic content, (2) a pretrained speaker verification model to generate speaker identity embeddings, and (3) a trainable prosody encoder to learn prosody representations. We first pretrain the Prosody2Vec representations on unlabelled emotional speech corpora, then fine-tune the model on specific datasets to perform Speech Emotion Recognition (SER) and Emotional Voice Conversion (EVC) tasks. Both objective and subjective evaluations on the EVC task suggest that Prosody2Vec effectively captures general prosodic features that can be smoothly transferred to other emotional speech. In addition, our SER experiments on the IEMOCAP dataset reveal that the prosody features learned by Prosody2Vec are complementary and beneficial for the performance of widely used speech pretraining models and surpass the state-of-the-art methods when combining Prosody2Vec with HuBERT representations. Some audio samples can be found on our demo website.

We present a toolchain for solving path planning problems for concentric tube robots through obstacle fields. First, ellipsoidal sets representing the target area and obstacles are constructed from labelled point clouds. Then, the nonlinear and highly nonconvex optimal control problem is solved by introducing a homotopy on the obstacle positions where at one extreme of the parameter the obstacles are removed from the operating space, and at the other extreme they are located at their intended positions. We present a detailed example (with more than a thousand obstacles) from stereotactic neurosurgery with real-world data obtained from labelled MPRI scans.

As a result of the ever increasing complexity of configuring and fine-tuning machine learning models, the field of automated machine learning (AutoML) has emerged over the past decade. However, software implementations like Auto-WEKA and Auto-sklearn typically focus on classical machine learning (ML) tasks such as classification and regression. Our work can be seen as the first attempt at offering a single AutoML framework for most problem settings that fall under the umbrella of multi-target prediction, which includes popular ML settings such as multi-label classification, multivariate regression, multi-task learning, dyadic prediction, matrix completion, and zero-shot learning. Automated problem selection and model configuration are achieved by extending DeepMTP, a general deep learning framework for MTP problem settings, with popular hyperparameter optimization (HPO) methods. Our extensive benchmarking across different datasets and MTP problem settings identifies cases where specific HPO methods outperform others.

变异量子算法（VQAS）为通过嘈杂的中间规模量子（NISQ）处理器获得量子优势提供了最有希望的途径。这样的系统利用经典优化来调整参数化量子电路（PQC）的参数。目标是最大程度地减少取决于从PQC获得的测量输出的成本函数。通常通过随机梯度下降（SGD）实现优化。在NISQ计算机上，由于缺陷和破坏性而引起的栅极噪声通过引入偏差会影响随机梯度的估计。量子误差缓解（QEM）技术可以减少估计偏差而无需量子数量增加，但它们又导致梯度估计的方差增加。这项工作研究了量子门噪声对SGD收敛的影响，而VQA的基本实例是变异的eigensolver（VQE）。主要目标是确定QEM可以增强VQE的SGD性能的条件。结果表明，量子门噪声在SGD的收敛误差（根据参考无噪声PQC评估）诱导非零误差 - 基础，这取决于噪声门的数量，噪声的强度以及可观察到的可观察到的特征性被测量和最小化。相反，使用QEM，可以获得任何任意小的误差。此外，对于有或没有QEM的误差级别，QEM可以减少所需的迭代次数，但是只要量子噪声水平足够小，并且在每种SGD迭代中允许足够大的测量值。最大切割问题的数值示例证实了主要理论发现。

夫妻通常在一起管理慢性疾病，管理层对患者及其浪漫伴侣造成了情感上的伤害。因此，认识到日常生活中每个伴侣的情绪可以提供对他们在慢性疾病管理中的情感健康的见解。当前，评估每个伴侣的情绪的过程是手动，时间密集和昂贵的。尽管夫妻之间存在着关于情感识别的作品，但这些作品都没有使用夫妻在日常生活中的互动中收集的数据。在这项工作中，我们收集了85小时（1,021个5分钟样本）现实世界多模式智能手表传感器数据（语音，心率，加速度计和陀螺仪）和自我报告的情绪数据（n = 612）（13个伙伴）（13）夫妻）在日常生活中管理2型糖尿病。我们提取了生理，运动，声学和语言特征，以及训练有素的机器学习模型（支持向量机和随机森林），以识别每个伴侣的自我报告的情绪（价和唤醒）。我们最佳模型的结果比偶然的结果更好，唤醒和价值分别为63.8％和78.1％。这项工作有助于建立自动情绪识别系统，最终使伙伴能够监视他们在日常生活中的情绪，并能够提供干预措施以改善其情感幸福感。

现代语言模型中的检测和缓解有害偏见被广泛认为是至关重要的开放问题。在本文中，我们退后一步，研究语言模型首先是如何偏见的。我们使用在英语Wikipedia语料库中训练的LSTM架构，使用相对较小的语言模型。在培训期间的每一步中，在每个步骤中都会更改数据和模型参数，我们可以详细介绍性别表示形式的发展，数据集中的哪些模式驱动器以及模型的内部状态如何与偏差相关在下游任务（语义文本相似性）中。我们发现性别的表示是动态的，并在训练过程中确定了不同的阶段。此外，我们表明，性别信息在模型的输入嵌入中越来越多地表示，因此，对这些性别的态度可以有效地减少下游偏置。监测训练动力学，使我们能够检测出在输入嵌入中如何表示男性和男性性别的不对称性。这很重要，因为这可能会导致幼稚的缓解策略引入新的不良偏见。我们更普遍地讨论了发现与缓解策略的相关性，以及将我们的方法推广到更大语言模型，变压器体系结构，其他语言和其他不良偏见的前景。

本文提出了一种验证网络物理安全 - 关键系统中发现的非线性人工神经网络（ANN）行为的方法。我们将Sigmoid函数的专用间隔约束传播器实施到SMT求解器ISAT中，并将这种方法与组成方法进行比较，该方法通过ISAT中可用的基本算术特征和近似方法来编码Sigmoid函数。我们的实验结果表明，专用和组成方法明显优于近似方法。在我们所有的基准中，专门的方法与组成方法相比表现出相等或更好的性能。